Effect of Enalapril on Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31907/2414-2093.2015.01.3Keywords:
Hypertrophic scars, Keloids, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, Enalapril.Abstract
Scarring is a major concern to patient and surgeon following any kind of trauma. Excessive scarring can dramatically affect a patient's quality of life, both physically and psychologically. Incidence rates of hypertrophic scarring vary from 40% to 70% following surgery to up to 91% following burn injury, depending on the depth of the wound. Most current treatment give unsatisfactory results. Recent studies have explored the role of tissue Angiotensin receptors in tissue healing. With potential benefit of Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in preventing cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis, its role in cutaneous scarring needs to be explored. There is need for randomized control trials to study the role of Enalapril in cutaneous scarring. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonist could be potential candidates for management of hypertrophic scars.
References
Sund B. New developments in wound care. PJB Publications, London, 2000; pp. 1-255.
Lewis WH, Sun KK. Hypertrophic scar: A genetic hypothesis. Burns1990; 16: 176-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4179(90)90033-S
Deitch EA, Wheelahan TM. Rose MP, Clothier J. Cotter J. Hypertrophic burn scars: Analysis of variables. J Trauma.1983; 23: 895-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-198310000-00009
Murray CJ, Pinnel SR. Keloids and excessive dermal scarring. In: Woundhealing, Biochemical and Clinical Aspects. Cohen IK, Diegelmann RF, Lindblad WJ (eds.). Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2002; pp. 500-9.
Mustoe TA, Cooter RD, Gold MH, Richard-Hobbs FD, Ramelet A-A, Shakespeare PG, et al. International clinical recommendations on scar management. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002; 110: 560-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200208000-00031
Poochareon VN, Berman B. New therapies for the management of keloids. J Craniofac Surg. 2003; 14: 654-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001665-200309000-00009
Jalali M, Bayat A. Current use of steroids in management of abnormal raised skin scars. Surgeon 2007; 5: 175-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1479-666X(07)80045-X
Cruz NI, Korchin L. Inhibition of human keloid fibroblast growth by isotretinoin and triamcinolone acetonide in vitro. Ann Plast Surg. 1994; 33: 401-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000637-199410000-00007
Robles DT, Berg D. Abnormal wound healing: keloids. Clin Dermatol. 2007; 25: 26-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.09.009
Brown JJ, Bayat A. Genetic susceptibility to raised dermal scarring. Br J Dermatol. 2009; 161: 8-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09258.x
Kamp DW. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: The inflammation hypothesis revisited. Chest 2003; 124: 1187-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.124.4.1187
Butler PD, Longaker MT, Yang GP. Current progress in keloid research and treatment. J Am Coll Surg. 2008; 206: 731-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.12.001
Tuan TL, Nichter LS. The molecular basis of keloid and hypertrophic scar formation. Mol Med Today1998; 4: 19-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1357-4310(97)80541-2
Atlas SA. The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system: Pathophysiological role and pharmacologic inhibition. J Manag Care Pharm. 2007; 13:(8-Suppl B): 9-20.
Katwa LC, Ratajska A, Cleutjens JP, Sun Y, Zhou G, Lee SJ, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme and kininase-ii-like activities in cultured valvular interstitial cells of the rat heart. Cardiovasc Res. 1995; 29(1): 57-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6363(96)88547-6
Steckelings, Muscha U, Wollschläger T, Peters J, Henz BM, Hermes B, et al. Human skin: Source of and target organ for angiotensin II. Exp Dermatol. 2004; 13(3): 148-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.0139.x
Lavoie J, Sigmund CD. Minireview: overview of the reninangiotensin-system—an endocrine and paracrine system. Endocrinology 2003; 144(6): 2179-2183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0150
Zhu YC, Zhu YZ, Lu N, Wang MJ, Wang YX, Yao T. Role of angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptors in cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac remodelling. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2003; 30(12): 911-918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2003.03942.x
Walsh DA, Hu DE, Wharton J, Catravas JD, Blake DR, Fan TPD. Sequential development of angiotensin receptors and angiotensin I converting enzyme during angiogenesis in the rat subcutaneous sponge granuloma. Br J Pharmacol. 1999; 120(7): 1302-1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0701062
Kaschina E, Unger T. Angiotensin AT1/AT2 receptors: regulation, signalling and function. Blood Press. 2003; 12(2): 70-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08037050310001057
Timmermans PB. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists: An emerging new class of cardiovascular therapeutics. Hypertens Res.1999; 22(2): 147-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1291/hypres.22.147
McKirdy SW, Chew BK, Tzaffetta K, Naylor IN, Sharpe DT. Angiotensin receptors in dupuytren's tissue: Implications for the pharmacological treatment of dupuytren's disease. Hand Therapy 2001; 6(3): 79-83.
Yahata Y, Shirakata Y, Tokumaru S, Yang L, Dai X, Tohyama M, et al. A novel function of angiotensin II in skin wound healing. Induction of fibroblast and keratinocyte migration by angiotensin II via heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor-mediated EGF receptor transactivation. J Biol Chem. 2006; 281(19): 13209- 13216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M509771200
Nio Y, Matsubara H, Murasawa S, Kanasaki M, Inada M. Regulation of gene transcription of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest. 1995; 95(1): 46-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI117675
Busche S, Gallinat S, Bohle RM, Reinecke A, Seebeck J, Franke F, et al. Expression of angiotensin AT(1) and AT(2) receptors in adult rat cardiomyocytes after myocardial Effect of Enalapril on Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids Journal of Advanced Plastic Surgery Research, 2015, Vol. 1 13 infarction. A single-cell reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction study. Am J Pathol. 2000; 157(2): 605-611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64571-3
Takeda H, Katagata Y, Hozumi Y, Kondo S. Effects of angiotensin II receptor signalling during skin wound healing. Am J Pathol. 2004; 165(5): 1653-1662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63422-0
Min LJ, Cui TX, Yahata Y, Yamasaki K, Shiuchi T, Liu HW, et al. Regulation of collagen synthesis in mouse skin fibroblasts by distinct angiotensin II receptor subtypes. Endocrinology 2004; 145(1): 253-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0673
Sun Y, Ratajaska A, Zhou G, Weber KT. Angiotensinconverting enzyme and myocardial fibrosis in the rat receiving angiotensin II or aldosterone. J Lab Clin Med. 1993; 122: 395-403.
Jugdutt BI, Musat-Marcu S. Opposite effects of amlodipine and enalapril on infarct collagen and remodeling during healing after reperfused myocardial infarction. Can J Cardiol. 2000; 16: 617-625.
Medhora M, Gao F, Jacobs ER, Moulder JE. Radiation damage to the lung: mitigation by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Respirology 2012; 17(1): 66-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02092.x
Soetikno V, Arozal W, Louisa M, Setiabudy R. New insight into the molecular drug target of diabetic nephropathy. Int J Endocrinol. 2014; 2014: 968681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/968681
Abu Dayyeh BK, Yang M, Dienstag JL, Chung RT. The effects of angiotensin blocking agents on the progression of liver fibrosis in the HALT-C Trial cohort. Dig Dis Sci. 2011; 56(2): 564-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-010-1507-8
Silva Rde B, Ramalho FS, Ramalho LZ. The effect of antihypertensive drugs on the obstructive pancreatitis in rats. Acta Cir Bras. 2010; 25(5): 396-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502010000500003
Dustan HP. Does keloid pathogenesis hold the key to understanding black/white differences in hypertension severity? Hypertension 1995; 26(6 pt 1): 858-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.26.6.858
Snyder AL, Zmuda JM, Thompson PD. Keloid associated with hypertension. Lancet 1996; 347(8999): 465-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90042-2
Woolery-Lloyd H, Berman B. A controlled cohort study examining the onset of hypertension in black patients with keloids. Eur J Dermatol. 2002; 12(6): 581-2.
Arima J, Ogawa R, Iimura T, Azuma H, Hyakusoku H. Relationship between keloid and hypertension. J Nippon Med Sch. 2012; 79(6): 494-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1272/jnms.79.494
Iannello S, Milazzo P, Bordonaro F, Belfiore F. Low-dose enalapril in the treatment of surgical cutaneous hypertrophic scar and keloid—two case reports andliterature review. Med Gen Med. 2006; 8(4): 60.
Ogawa R, Arima J, Ono S, Hyakusoku H. Case report: Total management of a severe case of systemic keloids associated with high blood pressure (Hypertension): Clinical symptoms of keloids may be aggravated by hypertension. Eplasty 2013; 13: e25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23837108
Uzun H, Bitik O, Hekimolu R, Atilla P, Kaykçolu AU. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril reduces formation of hypertrophic scars in a Rabbit ear wounding model. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013; 132(3): 361e-371e. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31829acf0a
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
