Insights on the Influence of the Attributes of the Arab Culture on Crisis Communications
Keywords:
Culture, reputation, standardization, crisis communications, organizations, crisis messages, Arab World.Abstract
An organization's image and reputation are assets that are built up over time. Organizations seek to develop and maintain positive images in the minds of publics. The image of an organization can be threatened by crises, and this impacts the trust it has with its employees and customers. Trust declines when employees feel they are not informed properly, especially in times of crises when it is imperative to respond to the threat and where promptness is necessary. Communications help build or restore some level of trust. The case is also applicable on a social level where governments and the public should communicate effectively especially during crises.
Two main issues will be discussed in this paper: First, the influence of culture on the practice of Crisis Communications (CC); and second, the factors that underpin the role of culture in CC. These issues are significant since they represent the characteristics and influence of the Arab culture in particular. This article contributes to the understanding of the significance of culture in CC for organizations operating in the Arab World.
References
Schraeder M, Tears R, Jordan M. Organizational culture in public sector organizations: promoting change through training and leading by example. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 2005; 26(5/6): 492-502. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730510617681
Buono A, Bowditch J, Lewis J. When Cultures Collide: the Anatomy of a Merger. Human Relations 1985; 38(5): 477- 500. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678503800506
Kulatunga U. Impact of Culture towards Disaster Risk Reduction International Journal of Strategic Property Management 2010; 14(4): 304-313. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2010.23
Pearson C, Mitroff I. From Crisis Prone to Crisis Prepared: a Framework for Crisis Management. Academy of Management Executive 1993; 7(1): 48-59. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1993.9409142058
Deverell E, Olsson E. Organizational Culture Effects on Strategy and Adaptability in Crisis Management. Risk Management 2010; 12(2); 116-134. https://doi.org/10.1057/rm.2009.18
Hofstede G, Hofstede G, Minkov M. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind’. McGraw-Hill 2010.
Sabri H. Socio-cultural values and organizational culture. Journal of Transitional Management Development 2008; 9(2): 123-145.
Sawalha I. A Context-centred, Root Cause Analysis of contemporary terrorism. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 2017; 26(2): 183-202. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-07-2016-0140
Dyer S. Getting people into the crisis communication plan. Public Relations Quarterly 1995; 40(3): 38-41.
Coombs T, Holladay S, Ed. The Handbook of Crisis Communications. Blackwell Publishing 2010.
Schwarz A. Stakeholder attributions in crises. International Journal of Strategic Communication 2012; 6(2); 174-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2011.596869
Jin Y, Pang A, Cameron G. The role of emotions in crisis responses: Inaugural test of the integrated crisis mapping (ICM) model. Corporate Communications: An International Journal 2010; 15(4): 428-452. https://doi.org/10.1108/13563281011085529
Ghafory‐Ashtiany M. View of Islam on earthquakes, human vitality and disaster. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 2009; 18(3): 218-232. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560910965600
Siew Y, Low Y, Varughese J, Pang A. Communicating crisis: how culture influences image repair in Western and Asian governments. Corporate Communications: An International Journal 2011; 16(3): 218-242. https://doi.org/10.1108/13563281111156880
Ravazzani S. Exploring internal crisis communication in multicultural environments: A study among Danish managers. Corporate Communications: An International Journal 2016; 21(1): 73-88. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-02-2015-0011
Goby V, Nickerson C. The impact of culture on the construal of Organizational crisis: perceptions of crisis in Dubai. Corporate Communications: An International Journal 2015; 20(3): 310-325. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-06-2014-0036
AIRMIC, Alarm, IRM (. ‘A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) and the requirements of ISO 31000’ 2010.
Moore T, Lakha R. Tolley's Handbook of Disaster and Emergency Management: Principles and Practice’. Lexis Nexis 2004.
Al-Rasheed A. Features of Traditional Arab Management and Organization in the Jordanian Business Environment. Journal of Transitional Management Development 2008; 6(1- 2); 27-53. https://doi.org/10.1300/J130v06n01_02
Hiles A. The Definitive Handbook of Business Continuity Management’. Wiley, Chichester 2011.
BS 11200: Crisis Management. Guidance and Good Practice 2014. Information is available online at:< https://recoverydiva.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/pas200.pdf> (accessed 10 May 2017).
Strandberg J, Vigsø O. Internal crisis communication an employee perspective on narrative, culture, and sense making. Corporate Communications: An International Journal 2016; 21(1): 89-102. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-11-2014-0083
Vaish V. Globalization of Language and Culture in Singapore. International Journal of Multilingualism 2007; 4(3): 217-233. https://doi.org/10.2167/ijm073.0
Smircich L. Concepts of Culture and Organizational Analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly 1983; 28(3): 339-358. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392246
Sawalha I, Anchor J, Meaton J. Business Continuity Management in Jordanian Banks: Some Cultural Considerations. Risk Management: An International Journal 2012; 14(4): 301-324. https://doi.org/10.1057/rm.2012.10
Mann S. The Female Vision: Women's Real Power at Work. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 2010; 31(8): 760-761. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731011094801
Salzman P. Tribalism Drives Middle East Violence 2016. available online at (accessed 3 June 2017).
Hueston A. Feeling of absolute dependence ' or ' absolute feeling of dependence'? A question revisited. Religious Studies 2005; 41(1): 81-94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034412504007462
Chester D, Duncan A, Dhanhani H. Volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and Islam. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 2013; 22(3): 278-292. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-04-2013-0079
UNISDR, The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction 2017, available at: (accessed 5 June, 2017).
ISO, International Organization for Standardization 2017, available online at:< https://www.iso.org/standards.html> (accessed 5 June, 2017).
bsi 2017. Available online at: < https://www.bsigroup.com/enGB/> (accessed 5 June, 2017).
Frandsen F, Johansen W. Organizational Crisis Communications’. Sage 2017.
Frandsen F, Johansen W. The study of internal crisis communication: towards an integrative framework. Corporate Communications 2011; 16(4): 347-361. https://doi.org/10.1108/13563281111186977
Schmidt O. Effective employee communication in times of crisis 2010. available at: (accessed 8 June 2010).
Endsley T, Reep J, Mcneese M, Forster P. Crisis management simulations: Lessons learned from a crosscultural Perspective. Procedia Manufacturing 2015; 3: 3917- 3924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.918
Hastings S, Musambira G, Ayoub R. Revisiting Edward T. Hall’s Work on Arabs and olfaction: An update with implications for intercultural communication Scholarship. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research 2011; 40(1): 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2011.558315
Pauchant T, Mitroff I. Crisis Prone versus Crisis Avoiding Organizations: is your Company’s Culture its Own Worst Enemy in Creating Crises? Industrial Crisis Quarterly 1988; 2(1): 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/108602668800200105
Truscott J. The Art of Crisis Leadership: Incident Management in the Digital Age. Mission Mode Solutions 2015.
Alfonso G, Suzanne S. Crisis Communications Management: How Internet-Based Technologies are Changing the Way Public Relations Professionals Handle Business Crises. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 2008; 16(3): 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2008.00543.x
Ariyabandu M. Women: the Risk Managers in Natural Disasters 2003. Gender Equality & Disasters Risk Reduction Workshop, available at: http://www.ssri.hawaii.edu/research/ GDWwebsite/pdf/Ariyabandu.pdf (accessed April 27, 2017).
Trohanis Z, Svetlosakova Z, Carlsson-Rex H. Making Women's Voices Count in Natural Disaster Programs in East Asia and the Pacific. World Bank EAP DRM Knowledge Notes Working Paper: 2011; 24: 1-7.
Merchant K. How men And women differ: Gender differences in communication styles, influence tactics, and leadership styles. CMC Senior Theses. Paper: 2012; 513. Available at: (accessed June 14, 2017).